Packet #2810799 Success

TRACEROUTE_APP packet from Eabreu_T114 (EA01) to Mshtstc (GIAR)

1
Total Receptions
1
Unique Gateways
4
Hop Count
93
Payload Bytes
Packet Information
Database ID: 2810799
Mesh Packet ID: 0xa975c337
Used for correlation across gateways
Timestamp: 2025-07-04 17:57:28 UTC
From Node: Eabreu_T114 (EA01)
To Node: Mshtstc (GIAR)
Success: Processed
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Port: 70
Gateway: EB3FWC-Girona📡-GW-868 (EB3F)
Channel: LongFast
RSSI: -89 dBm
SNR: 1.75 dBm
Hop Info: 4/4 hops
Start: 4, Limit: 0
Payload Data
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Size: 93 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Decoded Data:
Route Information
Route Path: ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) → Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)
Hop Count: 1 hops
Status: Forward incomplete, Return in progress
SNR Towards: -19.25 dB -10.25 dB -13.0 dB
Return Path: !ffffffff → ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) → ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN) → ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)
SNR Back: -32.0 dB -12.0 dB -4.0 dB 0.75 dB
Route Visualization

Loading route map...

Map shows the geographic path if nodes have shared location data.
Traceroute Steps
Hop From Node To Node Distance SNR (dB) Direction Analysis
1 Mshtstc (GIAR) ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) Unknown -19.25 dB Origin Hops
2 ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR) Unknown -10.25 dB Relay Hops
3 Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR) Eabreu_T114 (EA01) 22.17 km -13.0 dB Relay Hops
Traceroute incomplete - Final destination not reached
Return Path Steps
Hop From Node To Node Distance SNR (dB) Direction Analysis
1 Eabreu_T114 (EA01) !ffffffff Unknown -32.0 dB Return Start Hops
2 !ffffffff ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) Unknown -12.0 dB Return Relay Hops
3 ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN) Unknown -4.0 dB Return Relay Hops
4 ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN) ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴) 20.50 km 0.75 dB Return End Hops
Total Forward Distance
22.17 km
Total Return Distance
20.50 km
Combined Traceroute Graph
Controls: Drag nodes to rearrange • Mouse wheel to zoom • Click and drag background to pan • Hover for details

Building graph...

Legend & Paths
Nodes
🔄 Router Node
📡 Gateway Node
🚀 Source Node
🎯 Target Node
Connections
RF Link
Gateway Connection
Direct Reception (0 hops)
Packet Paths
Loading paths...
Raw Packet Analysis
Complete field breakdown and MQTT privacy/exposure analysis
Packet Structure
MQTT Packet Flow:
ServiceEnvelope (MQTT layer) → MeshPacket (Mesh layer) → Decoded Payload (Application data)
Total Size:93 bytes
Gateway:!433adf3c
Channel:LongFast
Payload Type:TRACEROUTE_APP
Hop Count:4 / 4
Privacy Summary
Exposure Level:
Direct Message
Privacy Features:
✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
✓ Acknowledgment requested
+ 2 more...
Exposure Risks:
⚠ Default channel - no encryption
⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
+ 2 more...
MQTT ServiceEnvelope Fields

MQTT ServiceEnvelope contains the MeshPacket plus routing metadata

FieldValue
gateway_id !433adf3c
Node ID format
channel_id LongFast
Default public channel
packet MeshPacket (93 bytes)
Contains the actual mesh network packet
MeshPacket Fields

Core mesh packet with routing and payload information

FieldValueType
from 420885107
Source node ID 		uint32
to 518553714
Target node ID 		uint32
decoded.portnum 70
TRACEROUTE_APP 		enum
decoded.payload_length 93 bytes size
hop_limit Not set uint32
hop_start 4
Initial hop limit 		uint32
hops_taken 4
Calculated: hop_start - hop_limit 		derived
rx_rssi -89.0 dBm
Signal strength at gateway 		int32
rx_snr 1.75 dB
Signal quality at gateway 		float
rx_time 1751651847
Receive timestamp 		fixed32
via_mqtt False
Direct LoRa transmission 		bool
want_ack True
Acknowledgment requested 		bool
priority Not set enum
delayed Not set enum
channel Not set uint32
pki_encrypted False
Standard encryption 		bool
next_hop Not set uint32
relay_node Not set uint32
tx_after Not set uint32
timestamp 1751651848.6909623
Unix timestamp 		uint32
MQTT Privacy & Exposure Analysis

Analysis of privacy features and exposure risks when packet is shared via MQTT

Exposure Level: Direct Message
Privacy Features:
  • ✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
  • ✓ Acknowledgment requested
  • ✓ Targeted to specific node
  • ✓ Gateway node ID tracked
Exposure Risks:
  • ⚠ Default channel - no encryption
  • ⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
  • ⚠ Multi-hop path visible (4 hops)
  • ⚠ RF signal metrics exposed (location inference possible)
MQTT-Specific Fields
Want ack: True
Gateway ID: !433adf3c
Signal Metrics: RSSI: -89.0 dBm
SNR: 1.75 dB
Complete Payload Analysis

Detailed breakdown of all payload fields and decoded data

Payload Metadata:
Protocol:TRACEROUTE_APP
Size:93 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Complete Payload Data (JSON):
{ "route_nodes": [ 1044606863, 3075263384 ], "snr_towards": [ -19.25, -10.25, -13.0 ], "route_back": [ 4294967295, 1044606863, 3646258034, 3846435213 ], "snr_back": [ -32.0, -12.0, -4.0, 0.75 ], "route_node_names": { "3846435213": "ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)", "1044606863": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "3646258034": "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "420885107": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "518553714": "Mshtstc (GIAR)", "3075263384": "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "4294967295": "!ffffffff" }, "traceroute_packet": { "packet_data": { "id": 2810799, "timestamp": 1751651848.6909623, "from_node_id": 420885107, "to_node_id": 518553714, "portnum": 70, "portnum_name": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "gateway_id": "!433adf3c", "channel_id": "LongFast", "mesh_packet_id": 2843067191, "rssi": -89, "snr": 1.75, "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 4, "payload_length": 93, "processed_successfully": 1, "raw_payload": "0a088f6f433e98cb4cb7121eb3ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01ccffffffffffffffff011a10ffffffff8f6f433e727b55d98df143e5221f80ffffffffffffffff01d0ffffffffffffffff01f0ffffffffffffffff0103", "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "rx_time": 1751651847, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 0, "tx_after": 0, "timestamp_str": "2025-07-04 17:57:28", "hop_count": 4, "has_payload": true, "success": 1, "from_node_name": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "to_node_name": "Mshtstc (GIAR)", "gateway_name": "EB3FWC-Girona📡-GW-868 (EB3F)", "gateway_location": { "node_id": 1127931708, "latitude": 41.967402, "longitude": 2.816101, "altitude": 76, "timestamp": 1752802409.498802, "timestamp_str": "2025-07-18 01:33:29", "display_name": "EB3FWC-Girona📡-GW-868", "long_name": "EB3FWC-Girona📡-GW-868", "short_name": "EB3F", "hw_model": "HELTEC_V3" } }, "resolve_names": true, "packet_id": 2810799, "from_node_id": 420885107, "to_node_id": 518553714, "timestamp": 1751651848.6909623, "gateway_id": "!433adf3c", "raw_payload": "0a088f6f433e98cb4cb7121eb3ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01ccffffffffffffffff011a10ffffffff8f6f433e727b55d98df143e5221f80ffffffffffffffff01d0ffffffffffffffff01f0ffffffffffffffff0103", "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 4, "from_node_name": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "to_node_name": "Mshtstc (GIAR)", "route_data": { "route_nodes": [ 1044606863, 3075263384 ], "snr_towards": [ -19.25, -10.25, -13.0 ], "route_back": [ 4294967295, 1044606863, 3646258034, 3846435213 ], "snr_back": [ -32.0, -12.0, -4.0, 0.75 ] }, "forward_path": { "path_type": "forward_with_return", "node_ids": [ 518553714, 1044606863, 3075263384, 420885107 ], "node_names": [ "Mshtstc (GIAR)", "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)" ], "snr_values": [ -19.25, -10.25, -13.0 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 518553714, "to_node_id": 1044606863, "from_node_name": "Mshtstc (GIAR)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "snr": -19.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 1044606863, "to_node_id": 3075263384, "from_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "to_node_name": "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 3075263384, "to_node_id": 420885107, "from_node_name": "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "to_node_name": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "snr": -13.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 22172.57179582287, "from_location_timestamp": 1750720856.6815653, "to_location_timestamp": 1751652739.518906, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.5w ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.2h later" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 3 }, "return_path": { "path_type": "return", "node_ids": [ 420885107, 4294967295, 1044606863, 3646258034, 3846435213 ], "node_names": [ "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "!ffffffff", "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)" ], "snr_values": [ -32.0, -12.0, -4.0, 0.75 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 420885107, "to_node_id": 4294967295, "from_node_name": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "to_node_name": "!ffffffff", "snr": -32.0, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 4294967295, "to_node_id": 1044606863, "from_node_name": "!ffffffff", "to_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "snr": -12.0, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 1044606863, "to_node_id": 3646258034, "from_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "snr": -4.0, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 3646258034, "to_node_id": 3846435213, "from_node_name": "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)", "snr": 0.75, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 20499.928366455762, "from_location_timestamp": 1751651250.2538261, "to_location_timestamp": 1751648568.7273395, "from_location_age_warning": "from 0.2h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.9h ago" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 4 }, "actual_rf_path": { "path_type": "combined_rf", "node_ids": [ 518553714, 1044606863, 3075263384, 420885107, 4294967295, 3646258034, 3846435213 ], "node_names": [ "Mshtstc (GIAR)", "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "!ffffffff", "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)" ], "snr_values": [ -19.25, -10.25, -13.0, -32.0, -12.0, -4.0, 0.75 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 518553714, "to_node_id": 1044606863, "from_node_name": "Mshtstc (GIAR)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "snr": -19.25, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 1044606863, "to_node_id": 3075263384, "from_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "to_node_name": "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 3075263384, "to_node_id": 420885107, "from_node_name": "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "to_node_name": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "snr": -13.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 22172.57179582287, "from_location_timestamp": 1750720856.6815653, "to_location_timestamp": 1751652739.518906, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.5w ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.2h later" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 420885107, "to_node_id": 4294967295, "from_node_name": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "to_node_name": "!ffffffff", "snr": -32.0, "direction": "return_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 4294967295, "to_node_id": 1044606863, "from_node_name": "!ffffffff", "to_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "snr": -12.0, "direction": "return_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 1044606863, "to_node_id": 3646258034, "from_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "snr": -4.0, "direction": "return_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 3646258034, "to_node_id": 3846435213, "from_node_name": "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)", "snr": 0.75, "direction": "return_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 20499.928366455762, "from_location_timestamp": 1751651250.2538261, "to_location_timestamp": 1751648568.7273395, "from_location_age_warning": "from 0.2h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.9h ago" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 7 } }, "has_return_path": true, "is_complete": false, "forward_path_display": "Mshtstc (GIAR) → ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) → Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR) → Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "return_path_display": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01) → !ffffffff → ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) → ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN) → ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)", "actual_rf_path_display": "Mshtstc (GIAR) → ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON) → Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR) → Eabreu_T114 (EA01) → !ffffffff → ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN) → ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)", "forward_hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 518553714, "to_node_id": 1044606863, "from_node_name": "Mshtstc (GIAR)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "snr": -19.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 1044606863, "to_node_id": 3075263384, "from_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "to_node_name": "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 3075263384, "to_node_id": 420885107, "from_node_name": "Balcón de Montroy Solar Router Pruebas (BdMR)", "to_node_name": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "snr": -13.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 22172.57179582287, "from_location_timestamp": 1750720856.6815653, "to_location_timestamp": 1751652739.518906, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.5w ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.2h later" } ], "return_hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 420885107, "to_node_id": 4294967295, "from_node_name": "Eabreu_T114 (EA01)", "to_node_name": "!ffffffff", "snr": -32.0, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 4294967295, "to_node_id": 1044606863, "from_node_name": "!ffffffff", "to_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "snr": -12.0, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 1044606863, "to_node_id": 3646258034, "from_node_name": "ROUTER MONTSENY ⛰️📡))) (RMON)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "snr": -4.0, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 3646258034, "to_node_id": 3846435213, "from_node_name": "ROUTER ELS ÀNGELS ⛰️📡-R-8 (REAN)", "to_node_name": "ROUTER ROCACORBA ⛰️📡))) (∴)", "snr": 0.75, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 20499.928366455762, "from_location_timestamp": 1751651250.2538261, "to_location_timestamp": 1751648568.7273395, "from_location_age_warning": "from 0.2h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.9h ago" } ], "total_forward_distance": 22172.57179582287, "total_return_distance": 20499.928366455762 }
Complete Protobuf Decode (JSON)
{ "service_envelope": { "gateway_id": "!433adf3c", "channel_id": "LongFast", "packet": "MeshPacket (see mesh_packet below)" }, "mesh_packet": { "from": 420885107, "to": 518553714, "id": 2843067191, "rx_time": 1751651847, "rx_snr": 1.75, "rx_rssi": -89, "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 4, "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 0, "tx_after": 0, "decoded": { "portnum": 70, "payload": "0a088f6f433e98cb4cb7121eb3ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01ccffffffffffffffff011a10ffffffff8f6f433e727b55d98df143e5221f80ffffffffffffffff01d0ffffffffffffffff01f0ffffffffffffffff0103", "want_response": null, "dest": null, "source": null, "request_id": null, "reply_id": null, "emoji": null, "parsed_payload": { "route": [ 1044606863, 3075263384 ], "snr_towards": [ -77, -41, -52 ], "route_back": [ 4294967295, 1044606863, 3646258034, 3846435213 ], "snr_back": [ -128, -48, -16, 3 ], "type": "protobuf", "portnum": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "message_class": "RouteDiscovery" } } } }
Raw Packet Data (93 bytes)
0a088f6f433e98cb4cb7121eb3ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01ccffffffffffffffff011a10ffffffff8f6f433e727b55d98df143e5221f80ffffffffffffffff01d0ffffffffffffffff01f0ffffffffffffffff0103
Hex Analysis:
Size:93 bytes
Format:Protobuf (Protocol Buffers)
Encoding:Binary with varint and length-delimited fields
This is the raw protobuf-encoded payload as received from MQTT. The structure follows the Meshtastic protobuf schema definitions.
All Receptions
All gateways that received this packet
Correlation: Using Mesh Packet ID
Gateway Time Offset RSSI SNR Hops Channel Timestamp Actions
EB3FWC-Girona📡-GW-868 (EB3F) Primary 0.000s
Reference 		-89.0 dBm 1.75 dB 4 LongFast 2025-07-04 17:57:28 Current
No other receptions found within ±2 seconds
1

Total Receptions

1

Unique Gateways